Chapter 1: The Electromagnetic Wave

Transverse electromagnetic wave diagram showing perpendicular electric field E and magnetic field B oscillations propagating along the x-axis, with wavelength labeled

Four polar radiation plots comparing isotropic, dipole, Yagi-Uda, and parabolic dish antenna patterns, showing increasing directivity from a uniform sphere to a narrow focused beam

Three stacked waveform plots showing a low-frequency audio message signal, a high-frequency carrier signal, and the resulting AM modulated signal with its envelope following the message

FM stereo baseband frequency response plot from 0 to 67 kHz showing the mono L+R sum signal, 19 kHz stereo pilot tone, 38 kHz suppressed-carrier L-R difference signal, and 57 kHz RDS data subcarrier

LTE time-frequency resource grid diagram showing 12 subcarriers by 7 OFDM symbols forming one resource block of 84 resource elements, with subcarrier spacing and symbol duration labeled

Six time-frequency spectrogram plots of LoRa upchirp symbols for spreading factors SF7 through SF12, with symbol duration and chips per symbol increasing at each higher spreading factor