Chapter 1: Typical SCADA System Architecture

ISA-95 Purdue Reference Model diagram showing Levels 0 through 4 with typical functions, examples, an industrial DMZ, and firewalls between each level

High-performance HMI color standards reference showing a distillation unit overview screen using the ASM Consortium palette, a five-color state table, color usage guidelines, and a do/don

ISA-101 Level 3 equipment faceplate design standard for a flow control loop, showing the seven standard areas, ISA-5.1 tag format, and information hierarchy

P&ID symbology reference per ISA-5.1 showing instrument identification bubbles, line symbology, tag format, common instrument function letters, modifier examples, and a worked example P&ID

Typical water treatment P&ID showing raw water pumping, coagulation dosing, a clarifier, dual media filtration, and backwash control, with a full instrument tag summary table

P, I, and D term contributions diagram showing the controller output response of the proportional, integral, and derivative terms to a step change in error, with equations and key takeaways

Control valve characteristic curves diagram comparing linear, equal percentage, and quick-opening inherent characteristics, installed versus inherent curves, and the effect of system pressure drop

Structured Text code listing for lead/lag pump sequencing with runtime equalization and fault handling, with a line-by-line explanation, sequencing logic overview, and a variables table

PLC scan cycle diagram showing the four phases of read inputs, execute program, write outputs, and housekeeping in a continuous loop, with input and output image tables and interrupt/event tasks

Modbus RTU frame structure diagram over RS-485 serial line, showing device address, function code, data, and CRC check fields, common function codes, and two worked byte-by-byte examples

Modbus register map diagram showing coils, discrete inputs, input registers, and holding registers with their address ranges, example points, and a slave device memory model

Industrial protocol comparison table across Modbus RTU/TCP, DNP3, OPC-UA, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, and HART, comparing media, topology, addressing, typical use case, and security capabilities

FAT versus SAT checklist comparison table showing what is verified, who witnesses, documentation required, and punch-list resolution for Factory Acceptance Test and Site Acceptance Test