This simulator models a single-phase, two-pole AC generator — a coil rotating between two magnetic poles, connected to slip rings and brushes that carry the alternating output to an external load. Adjust rotation speed, magnetic field strength and coil turns, then watch how induced voltage and magnetic flux trace out over one full revolution.
• A real-time 3D model of the rotating coil, field poles, slip rings and brushes, with adjustable camera views (perspective, coil view, slip rings). • Rotation speed control from 0 to 3,600 rpm, magnetic field strength from 0 to 1 T, and coil turns from 10 to 200. • A live scope plotting induced voltage and flux per turn across one full revolution, with a moving cursor tied to rotor angle. • Instantaneous EMF, peak voltage, RMS voltage, frequency and flux readouts that update as you adjust the controls. • Play/pause and single-step (±15°) rotor control, plus quick-jump buttons to the 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° points in the cycle.
A coil rotates inside a magnetic field created by two poles. As the coil turns, the magnetic flux passing through it constantly changes — maximum when the coil is aligned with the field, zero when it's perpendicular. By Faraday's law, a voltage is induced whenever flux is changing, and that induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of flux, not the flux level itself.
Because flux increases through one half of the rotation and decreases through the other half, the induced voltage reverses polarity every half turn — this is what makes the output alternating rather than direct current. Two continuous slip rings rotate with the coil, and stationary carbon brushes maintain contact with them, carrying the alternating voltage out to the external load without needing a mechanical commutator.
The formula governing this model is ε = N·B·A·ω·sin θ, where N is coil turns, B is magnetic field strength, A is coil area, ω is angular velocity, and θ is the angle between the coil's normal and the magnetic field. Peak voltage scales directly with each of N, B, A and ω — turn up the field strength or the coil turns and the peak voltage rises proportionally.
On the scope, voltage peaks at 90° and 270° — not at 0° or 180°, where flux itself is highest but momentarily not changing. Frequency in this two-pole single-phase model is simply rpm ÷ 60. This is an idealized model: it assumes a uniform magnetic field and negligible coil resistance and inductance, and the geometry is illustrative rather than a validated mechanical design.
A coil rotates inside a magnetic field between two poles. As the coil turns, the magnetic flux passing through it constantly changes, which by Faraday's law induces a voltage in the coil. Because the flux increases and then decreases every half turn, the induced voltage reverses polarity every half turn as well, producing alternating current.
The coil and its two continuous slip rings rotate together on the shaft. Stationary carbon brushes press against the slip rings, maintaining continuous electrical contact so the alternating voltage generated in the rotating coil can be carried out to a stationary external load.
Peak voltage follows ε = N·B·A·ω, so it increases with more coil turns (N), stronger magnetic field (B), larger coil area (A), or faster rotation (ω). Output frequency in Hz is simply the rotation speed in rpm divided by 60 for this two-pole single-phase model.
Faraday's law relates induced voltage to the rate of change of flux, not the flux level itself. When the coil is aligned with the field, flux through it is at a maximum but momentarily not changing, so induced voltage is zero. Voltage peaks instead at 90° and 270°, when the coil is perpendicular to the field and flux is changing at its fastest rate.