This simulator models an online double-conversion UPS — AC input, rectifier, DC link, battery strings, inverter, maintenance bypass and IT load — with 96% mains conversion efficiency, 94% battery conversion efficiency and a battery state-of-charge energy balance. Drop utility, fail the rectifier or inverter, select maintenance bypass, and watch how the load stays supplied or doesn't.
• 01 Facility laboratory tab: a real-time 3D workbench of the AC input terminals, rectifier and input filter, DC-link capacitor bank, battery strings, IGBT inverter and output filter, maintenance bypass contacts and IT load terminals, with Home view, Focus selected part, Show full enclosure, Exploded view, Auto rotate, Expand and Hide/show labels camera controls, clickable numbered components with callouts, live stats, a sequence readout, switch-state tokens and a readings table. Experiment controls include Pause/resume, Advance 10 ms, Advance 1 s, a playback-speed selector (10× slow motion, real time, 10× faster, 1 minute per second), Enable facility / Stop experiment / Lose utility / Restore utility actions, an IT load slider (10–240 kW), a Utility available checkbox, UPS output rating (40–240 kW), battery energy (1–60 kWh), initial battery SOC for a new trial (5–95%), and Maintenance bypass / Rectifier healthy / Inverter healthy checkboxes. • 02 Curves & measurements tab: a torque/load operating-point chart, a speed-and-current history chart, model equations (mains and battery conversion loss formulas, the 5 kW/94% efficiency charge-power limit) and snapshot readouts for IT load served, unserved load, battery SOC, battery DC output, conversion loss and net battery energy out. • 03 Experiments tab: guided presets (rectifier unavailable, inverter fault, bypass supplied, overload) plus a Model verification bench ("Run model checks") using independent fresh models, and a timestamped event log with trial-report export. • 04 Learn & assess tab: lessons on the rectifier and DC link, battery operation, the inverter capacity limit, and why maintenance bypass is a separate AC path with no battery ride-through, a two-question knowledge-check quiz with reset, and a scope-and-references note.
In this online double-conversion model, the rectifier continuously converts incoming utility AC to DC to feed the inverter's DC link and to trickle-charge the battery (capped at 5 kW charge power with 94% charge efficiency), while the inverter continuously reconstructs AC output for the load. Because the load is always powered from the inverter rather than switched onto utility, losing the rectifier's AC source transfers DC supply to the battery without a modeled output transfer gap — the battery experiment preset demonstrates this directly.
Maintenance bypass is a separate, parallel AC path that connects utility directly to the load, bypassing the rectifier/DC-link/inverter chain entirely. It requires its own healthy AC source to function and provides no battery ride-through — if utility is lost while on bypass, the load loses power immediately, which is the key distinction the bypass-supplied and overload experiment presets are built to contrast against normal double-conversion operation.
The stats panel reports IT load served, any unserved load, battery state of charge, battery DC output, conversion loss and net battery energy out. Conversion loss is computed from the model equations: mains-path loss equals IT power times (1/0.96 − 1), and battery-path loss equals IT power times (1/0.94 − 1) — so battery operation costs more in losses than running from a healthy rectifier at the same load. The inverter has a simplified capacity interlock: when demand exceeds the configured UPS output rating, output is blocked rather than partially served, as the overload preset shows.
The Run model checks button in the Experiments tab exercises the source-availability and energy-balance logic against independent model instances without disturbing your current trial. This fixture has no standby generator modeled — after a battery-only outage, utility input must be restored to recharge — and it excludes AC waveform detail, short-circuit current, source synchronization, manufacturer protection curves and automatic static-bypass algorithms.
This is an online double-conversion UPS model: the load is always supplied by the inverter, not switched between sources. Losing the rectifier's AC input simply shifts the DC-link supply to the battery without a modeled output transfer gap, unlike a standby or line-interactive topology.
Normal operation routes utility through the rectifier, DC link and inverter to the load. Maintenance bypass is a separate AC path straight from utility to the load that skips the conversion chain entirely — it needs its own live AC source and provides no battery ride-through if that source is lost.
The model uses 96% mains conversion efficiency but only 94% battery conversion efficiency, so the same IT load draws proportionally more source energy — and therefore more loss — when served from the battery than when served through a healthy rectifier.
The Run model checks button in the Experiments tab runs automated checks against independent, freshly created model instances, confirming the source-availability logic, conversion-loss equations and battery energy balance behave correctly.