This simulator models a 50 kVA, single-phase, 11 kV / 440 V power transformer — its core, windings and cooling — as an equivalent electrical circuit with temperature-dependent winding resistance. Energize the primary, connect or open the secondary load, run factory-style tests, inject faults, and watch how flux, voltage, current and winding temperature respond.
• Operate tab: a real-time 3D model of the core, windings and cooling with Home view, Toggle casing (cutaway), Auto rotate and Expand camera controls, a clickable component list with a callout describing each part, live electrical/thermal stat readouts, an operating-history winding-temperature chart, and a control desk to pause/advance simulated time (60 s steps), open/energize the primary, choose Connected load vs. Open circuit on the secondary, toggle a leading (capacitive) load, and view the energy pathway (power balance) between input, output, core loss and copper losses. • Circuit & measurements tab: a voltage/current phase-relationship scope (sinusoidal steady-state waveforms normalized to RMS), a load & voltage-regulation sweep chart (secondary RMS voltage vs. load-admittance factor), an equivalent-circuit table with calculated impedances, and design & loss settings for adjusting core loss and copper loss. • Experiments & diagnostics tab: a fault-injection menu (healthy unit, open secondary connection, secondary short circuit, high-resistance secondary joint, increased core loss, cooling impairment), a trip-logic toggle with configurable protection thresholds and a trip-reset button, an event recorder log with JSON export, a virtual factory open-/short-circuit test runner, a built-in calculation verification suite (Run verification suite) that checks model invariants and limiting cases, and guided investigation scenarios. • Learn & assess tab: lesson content on how a power transformer works, a knowledge-check quiz with reset, and a reference/model-scope note with links to external open-/short-circuit test laboratories.
A power transformer transfers electrical energy between two circuits at different voltages through a shared magnetic core. Alternating current in the primary winding sets up a changing magnetic flux in the core; that changing flux links the secondary winding and induces a voltage there, scaled by the turns ratio between primary and secondary coils.
In this model, the transformer is represented as a T-equivalent circuit: primary and secondary leakage impedances in series with a magnetizing/core-loss branch that draws the no-load excitation current and accounts for hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core. Winding resistance rises with temperature, and heat builds up over simulated time from I²R copper losses in both windings, which is why letting the model run under load causes winding temperature to climb on the operating-history chart.
The live stats panel and energy-pathway diagram show the power balance: primary real power input equals secondary real power output plus core loss plus the copper losses in both windings — any imbalance would indicate an error in the model, which is exactly what the built-in verification suite checks for. The equivalent-circuit table gives you the calculated series impedances and magnetizing-branch admittance used to produce the displayed voltages and currents.
On the phase-relationship scope, voltage and current waveforms are each normalized to their own RMS magnitude so you can compare phase angle, not magnitude — this is steady-state behavior, not an inrush or saturation transient. The load & voltage-regulation sweep shows how secondary voltage sags as load admittance increases at the selected power factor, holding the 440 V / 50 kVA nameplate impedance base fixed. Trip thresholds are training values (>6 pu primary current, current-squared thermal exposure, winding >120°C, flux density >1.8 T for 1 s) rather than a specific manufacturer's protection settings, and the model excludes nonlinear saturation, inrush, hysteresis loops, capacitance and insulation breakdown.
It models a 50 kVA, single-phase, 11 kV / 440 V reference transformer as a T-equivalent circuit with complex impedances, a core-loss/magnetizing branch, and temperature-dependent winding resistance with lumped heating. It is not a three-phase vector-group or electromagnetic-transient model.
The Virtual factory tests button runs open- and short-circuit tests on the modeled unit to extract core-loss and copper-loss equivalent-circuit parameters, the same way these tests are performed on a real transformer in a factory or lab.
You can inject an open secondary connection, a secondary short circuit, a high-resistance secondary joint, increased core loss, or cooling impairment. With trip logic enabled, the unit trips above roughly 6 pu primary current (with current-squared exposure), winding temperature above 120°C, or flux density above 1.8 T sustained for 1 second, and must cool below 95°C before the trip can be reset.
The Run verification suite button checks independent invariants and known limiting cases in the implemented equivalent-circuit model itself, such as power-balance and impedance-limit checks, confirming the teaching model behaves consistently rather than validating any specific manufacturer's transformer rating.