Semiconductors, circuits & components — the building blocks of electronic circuits.
Bias a PN junction diode, sweep temperature and resistance, and read the real operating point off a live I–V curve and load line.
Wire two resistors series or parallel on a current-limited bench supply and watch branch currents, drops and resistor heating live.
Charge and discharge a capacitor through a series resistor, add parallel leakage, and watch exact first-order voltage and energy curves.
Energize a wound gapped-core inductor and compare flyback clamp voltages against decay speed and switch stress.
Common-emitter amplifier with a loaded bias divider, emitter degeneration and switchable AC bypass — compare input and inverted collector output.
Four discrete diodes rectify an isolated AC source — inject open-diode faults and compare full-wave vs. failed half-wave output.
Linear supply chassis with transformer, bridge, reservoir capacitor and load bank — measure real ripple instead of assuming perfect DC.
Two-layer sensor board from power connector and RC filtering through sample-and-hold conversion, serial transfer and PWM LED output.
NPN low-side LED driver — trace base drive through cutoff, forward-active and saturation regions, with PWM and fault injection.