Coordination, protection schemes & grounding — advanced substation protection.
Compare instantaneous (50) and inverse-time (51) relay elements from CT measurement through actual breaker opening.
Use signed terminal currents across a four-terminal bus zone to distinguish internal faults, external faults and CT errors.
Resolve symmetrical AC fault current, decaying DC offset and per-phase current-zero interruption.
Build the power triangle and see what capacitor compensation does to line current.
Inject a ground fault and measure the step-voltage gradient between two feet over a simplified hemispherical soil model.
Inject a ground fault and compare bonded equipment potential against earth-at-feet to explore touch voltage exposure.
Launch a voltage impulse through a nonlinear MOV arrester and see how source impedance and lead inductance affect equipment stress.
Link one-line diagram symbols to physical switchyard equipment and test breaker, disconnect and earthing interlocks.
Compare compensated HV/LV currents against percentage restraint, CT error and harmonic blocking to trip only on internal transformer faults.
Switch between single bus, main-tie-main, ring bus and breaker-and-a-half topologies and see which circuits stay supplied.
Solve a balanced radial 69 kV-to-13.8 kV substation power flow and see how tap, load and feeder impedance drive voltage drop and loss.
Explore ground potential rise, step voltage and touch voltage around a substation grounding system in a simplified soil model.