Atoms, bonds & reactions — electron configuration, molecular shape, titration, gas laws, electrochemistry and reaction energy.
Build an atom or ion by counting protons, neutrons and electrons and read mass number, charge and shell filling.
Step through the first eighteen elements and watch electrons fill orbital boxes with spin arrows.
Transfer a sodium valence electron to chlorine and compare the ion pair with a rock-salt lattice fragment.
Stretch a hydrogen molecule and compare shared electron density with its bond-energy well.
Switch among seven molecular shapes, reveal lone-pair domains and inspect bond angles in three dimensions.
Track every hydrogen and oxygen atom as reactants reorganize into water and identify the limiting reactant.
Add NaOH to HCl in a stirred vessel and follow pH, excess ions and the equivalence point.
Compress, heat and add gas in a piston cylinder and watch pressure respond with PV = nRT.
Connect zinc and copper half-cells with a wire and salt bridge and track emf, current and electrode mass change.
Compare uncatalyzed and catalyzed energy paths and see how temperature changes the rate constant.