A road embankment is cut away to expose a circular culvert, inlet headwall and outlet apron. Adjust upstream and downstream total heads, diameter and resistance to see full-barrel outlet-control discharge.
• 3D scene parts: Road embankment cutaway; headwall and inlet pool; circular full barrel; outlet apron and tailwater; energy-level ruler. • Controls: Upstream total head (1–8 m above common datum); Downstream total head (0–6 m above common datum); Circular barrel diameter (0.5–2 m); Barrel length (10–80 m); Entrance loss coefficient (0.2–1.5); Darcy friction factor (0.015–0.05). • Live readouts: Forward discharge (m³/s); Barrel velocity (m/s); Driving head (m); Barrel friction loss (m); Entrance + exit loss (m); Energy balance residual (m). • Guided experiments: High tailwater; Large barrel; Rough long barrel. • Four tabs (visual laboratory, curves and measurements, experiments, learn and assess), a model-verification run, a timestamped event log and a trial report.
ΔH=max(Hup−Hdown,0) Ktotal=Kentry+1+fL/D V=√(2gΔH/Ktotal); Q=πD²V/4 hfriction+hminor=ΔH
Assumed full, pressurized barrel and positive-direction outlet control. A boundary head is a total head at a common datum, not a depth that automatically guarantees submergence. No inlet-control rating, partly full flow, reverse flow, debris or flood design certification. Try the preset experiments, then compare the live readouts with the equations.
No. It assumes full-barrel outlet control.
Yes. It reduces the available head difference.
Assumed full, pressurized barrel and positive-direction outlet control. A boundary head is a total head at a common datum, not a depth that automatically guarantees submergence. No inlet-control rating, partly full flow, reverse flow, debris or flood design certification.