Spillways, jumps, pipe networks & storage — how water is routed, controlled and detained in hydraulic structures.
An upstream pool spills over a broad-crested structure into a stepped chute and basin. Compare the ideal free-overflow discharge with a selected submerged-flow teaching correction.
A sluice-fed stilling basin shows a shallow incoming stream, a turbulent roller guide and a deeper downstream section. Change incoming discharge and depth to calculate conjugate depth and specific-energy loss.
A regulated source supplies two differently sized pipes through valves and flow meters before they rejoin at a delivery manifold. Closing one valve changes its branch discharge; both branches use the same total head difference.
A reservoir-fed pipe cutaway maps pressure at 41 stations. Slow physical time reveals the upstream-traveling compression wave, reflection at a fixed-head reservoir and subsequent pressure reversals. The valve is commanded to reduce velocity linearly.
A volute cutaway exposes the impeller, axial suction eye, tangential discharge, motor and adjustable system resistance. Match the pump and system curves; inspect flow, shaft power and an illustrative NPSH margin.
A lake behind a concrete dam receives a triangular flood pulse and releases water over a rating crest. Level-pool routing links cumulative inflow, outflow and storage while the lake level and discharge sheet respond.
A road embankment is cut away to expose a circular culvert, inlet headwall and outlet apron. Adjust upstream and downstream total heads, diameter and resistance to see full-barrel outlet-control discharge.
An urban runoff inlet feeds a landscaped detention basin. A low orifice throttles the ordinary release; a higher emergency crest carries overflow. Watch the pond level, outlet jets and cumulative water balance during a runoff pulse.
A river-side embankment cutaway exposes a permeable foundation layer and a landside exit. Change flood level, crest height, permeability and seepage path length; inspect freeboard, average gradient and ideal Darcy seepage.