Both trip a breaker. Both get lumped together as "overcurrent." They are not the same failure — and that difference is exactly why a standard breaker has two separate trip mechanisms built into it, not one.
It's tempting to treat overload and short circuit as points on the same scale — just more current versus less. They're not. They're different mechanisms entirely: one is a sustained excess flowing through the circuit exactly as designed, and the other is current finding a path the circuit was never designed to carry at all. That difference in mechanism, timescale, and danger is precisely why circuit breaker design didn't settle on one trip curve — it settled on two.