Civil Engineering

Excavator Surcharge beside a Shored Trench

An excavator parked beside a supported excavation illustrates how construction equipment adds surcharge loading to the retaining system.

Building Pad Grading and Corner Elevations

A rectangular building pad, surrounding contours and corner grades illustrate how a proposed floor elevation fits into site grading.

Roadway Cut and Fill Cross Section

A road through sloping ground illustrates cut and fill areas, cross-section geometry and the relationship between earthwork and a utility trench.

Utility Trench Excavation Quantity

A buried utility pipe and sloped trench sides illustrate the excavation cross section used to estimate trench earthwork quantities.

Excavated Soil Loading and Hauling

An excavator loading a dump truck illustrates the bank and loose states of excavated soil and the volume changes used in earthwork planning.

Sand-Cone Field Density Test

Field test equipment above a small hole in compacted subgrade illustrates the sand-cone method and its relationship to laboratory compaction results.

Hydraulic Excavator Production Cycle

A hydraulic excavator and dump truck illustrate the dig, swing, dump and return cycle used in equipment production estimates.

Excavator and Dump Truck Fleet Balance

A loading excavator, haul road, truck fleet and stockpile illustrate how loading and hauling cycle times affect fleet balance.

Excavation Side Slopes and Benching

An open excavation in clay is compared with sloped and benched excavation sections to illustrate geometry used in earthwork and stability discussions.

Mobile Crane Outrigger Bearing

A mobile crane on timber mats is shown in elevation and plan to relate outrigger reactions, mat dimensions and soil bearing pressure.

Water Pressure on a Concrete Wall

A concrete retaining wall and its foundation are shown beside a water reservoir, with the hydrostatic pressure distribution and resultant force.

Retaining Wall with Soil and Surcharge Loads

A retaining wall cross section relates retained soil and a surface surcharge to triangular and rectangular lateral pressure distributions.

Square Footing and Soil Stress Distribution

A square footing over layered soil is shown with stress influence lines and a plan view to relate the foundation footprint to subsurface stress.

Spread Footing Bearing Failure Mechanisms

A loaded column and spread footing illustrate bearing failure surfaces and the differences between centered and eccentric foundation loading.

Generator Foundation Bearing Pressure

A generator on a concrete pedestal and footing illustrates how equipment and foundation loads are transferred to the supporting soil.

Eccentrically Loaded Rectangular Footing

A column, rectangular footing and bearing-pressure diagrams illustrate how an eccentric load changes soil contact pressure beneath a foundation.

Cantilever Wall Earth Pressure and Stability

A cantilever retaining wall with drainage and retained backfill illustrates active pressure, footing geometry and the forces used in stability checks.

Concrete Wall with Drained Granular Backfill

A concrete retaining wall with granular backfill illustrates active soil pressure and its resultant along the height of the wall.

Mass-Concrete Retaining Wall Forces

A mass-concrete wall and retained earth illustrate the wall self-weight, active earth pressure and lever arms used in overturning calculations.

Retaining Wall with Groundwater Pressure

A retaining wall beside saturated backfill illustrates how effective soil pressure and hydrostatic pressure combine below the groundwater level.

Parking Bay Layout and Crossfall

Parked cars, planting islands and a double-loaded parking bay illustrate stall dimensions, aisle geometry and drainage crossfall.

Sidewalk and Pavement Quantity Takeoff

Concrete sidewalk and curb, asphalt parking pavement and road-base sections illustrate the separate material quantities in a civil takeoff.

Street Sidewalk and Curb Section

A planted roadside, concrete sidewalk, curb and asphalt pavement illustrate sidewalk volume, curb quantity and typical section dimensions.

Parking Lot Pavement and Striping

A landscaped parking lot is shown in plan beside its pavement section, connecting surface area, paving quantities and stall striping.

Roadway Pavement and Shoulder Quantities

A road with shoulders and a layered pavement section illustrates material areas and volumes across a typical roadway width.

Street Gutter and Storm Drain Layout

Curb gutters, surface-flow arrows and underground storm pipes illustrate how street drainage collects and conveys runoff.

Concrete Pavement Joint and Dowel Bars

A truck wheel crossing a concrete pavement joint illustrates dowel bars, slab thickness and the load-transfer arrangement between adjacent slabs.

Grassed Drainage Swale Profile

A grass-lined swale is shown in profile and cross section to relate its slope, length and channel dimensions to drainage calculations.

Parking Lot Stormwater Runoff

A paved commercial parking lot, roof areas and drainage inlet illustrate the contributing surfaces used in a runoff calculation.

Parking Inlet and Storm Drain Connection

A curb inlet and underground concrete storm pipe are shown in section to connect inlet geometry, pipe slope and drainage capacity.

Detention Pond Storage Geometry

A detention pond is shown in plan and section with embankments, inlet and outlet features to illustrate storage and runoff routing concepts.

Detention Pond Outlet Riser

A reinforced-concrete outlet riser, orifice openings and outlet pipe illustrate the physical components used to control pond discharge.

Green Infrastructure Drainage Sections

A planted bioretention cell, permeable pavement and infiltration basin illustrate three physical approaches to stormwater storage and infiltration.

Bioretention Cell Plan and Section

A landscaped bioretention cell beside pavement is shown with ponding, engineered media, aggregate and underdrain components.

Permeable Pavement Layered Section

Permeable asphalt, open-graded stone and underlying soil illustrate how pavement layers provide storage and an infiltration path.

Infiltration Basin Storage and Drawdown

A grassed infiltration basin is shown in plan and section to relate its footprint, ponding depth and infiltration surface to storage calculations.

Roadway Stream Crossing and Culvert

A road embankment crossing a stream is shown in plan and section with a concrete culvert, headwater and downstream channel.

Rectangular Concrete Drainage Channel

A sloping concrete channel is shown in profile and cross section to illustrate the channel dimensions and water depth used in open-channel flow calculations.

Culvert Inlet and Outlet Control

A culvert beneath a road embankment illustrates alternative inlet- and outlet-control conditions and their associated water levels.

Concrete Culvert under a Roadway

A circular concrete culvert through a road embankment illustrates pipe diameter, flow area and the relationship between barrel geometry and discharge.

Culvert Outlet Riprap Protection

A culvert discharging to a channel is shown with a riprap apron and downstream transition, connecting outlet flow to erosion-protection geometry.

Curb Grate Inlet and Bypass Flow

A roadside grate inlet is shown in perspective and section to illustrate approaching gutter flow, captured flow and bypass flow.

Water Main Flow and Velocity

A water main with valves, a pressure gauge and an open discharge illustrates flow-unit conversions, pipe area and average water velocity.

Ductile-Iron Water Main Head Loss

A water main with end pressure gauges and an energy-grade line illustrates the relationship between pipe length, flow and head loss.

Fire Hydrant Supply Pipe Hydraulics

A hydrant, supply main and branch connection illustrate the pipe components and hydraulic losses considered along a hydrant flow path.

Ground-Level Steel Water Storage Tank

A cylindrical steel storage tank is shown in perspective, plan and section to relate tank dimensions, operating levels and available storage.

Pump Station Suction and Discharge Piping

A pump station with suction and discharge pipework is shown beside characteristic curves to connect physical piping arrangements to pumping calculations.

Sewage Lift Station and Force Main

A lift station with submersible pumps, wet well and force main illustrates system head components and the pumping path to a gravity sewer.

Rectangular Sedimentation Basin

A rectangular treatment basin is shown in plan and section with inlet and outlet features to illustrate settling flow paths and basin sizing.

Circular Secondary Clarifier

A circular clarifier is shown in plan and section with a central feedwell, sludge collection equipment and outlet weir for wastewater treatment calculations.