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🎓 Engineering Learning Studio

HVAC Engineering StudioManual J/D/S · ASHRAE 62.1/90.1 · Design Tools · 3D Viewer · Simulators · Calculations

A complete engineering resource for HVAC design and commissioning professionals — from Manual J/D/S residential design tools and 3D building walkthroughs to interactive simulators, psychrometric analysis, and chilled water/VRF system calculation worksheets.

Manual JManual DASHRAE 62.2Duct SizingEquipment SelectionBMS
🌡️ See It In Action

A real screen recording of the HVAC 3D Viewer — walk through AHUs, chillers, VAV boxes, and ductwork in an interactive 3D model.

Explore the 3D Viewer →
Studio OverviewInteractive System MapBTU/Tons/kW Converter
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Applied HVAC Engineering Professional Program

25

Applied HVAC Engineering Professional Program

Premium Content

Learn to analyze, design, install, commission, and troubleshoot residential and commercial HVAC systems using real engineering methods and practical examples. 17 modules from fundamentals through certification, 9 complete real-project design packages (residence, apartment, office, school, hospital, hotel, warehouse, manufacturing plant, data center), a 12-template documentation kit, and a certificate of completion. One-time purchase, no account required.

Explore the Full Curriculum →
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Knowledge Articles

42
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The Equal Friction Method: Why Duct Design Targets One Constant Rate
6 min read
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Duct Velocity: The Real Tradeoff Behind Sizing Decisions
6 min read
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Converting Round Duct to Rectangular: The Equivalent Diameter Formula
6 min read
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Why 0.10 in. w.g./100 ft Isn't a Universal Duct Design Rate
6 min read
🌀
Why Duct Material Changes Sizing: Flex vs. Metal Friction Factors
6 min read
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What Is HVAC Engineering? A Complete Overview
9 min read
♻️
How Heat Pumps Work: The Refrigeration Cycle Explained
8 min read
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Heat Pump vs. Furnace: Which Is Right for Your Home?
9 min read
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COP, SEER2, and HSPF2 Explained for Heat Pumps
8 min read
⚖️
What Is a Heat Pump's Balance Point?
9 min read
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Cold-Climate Heat Pumps Explained
8 min read
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Air-Source vs. Ground-Source (Geothermal) Heat Pumps
8 min read
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HVAC System Design Basics: How Engineers Size Equipment
9 min read
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HVAC Duct Sizing: Manual D Method and Equal Friction Approach Explained
9 min read
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Manual J Residential Load Calculation: How to Size HVAC Systems Correctly
8 min read
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VAV HVAC Systems: How Variable Air Volume Works and When to Use It
8 min read
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Chilled Water HVAC Systems: Design Fundamentals for Commercial Buildings
9 min read
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ASHRAE Guideline 36: High-Performance Sequences of Operation for HVAC Systems
7 min read
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Refrigerant Transition: R-410A Phase-Out, R-454B, and What HVAC Engineers Need to Know
8 min read
♨️
Heat Pump Design Guide: How Heat Pumps Work, System Types, and Sizing Considerations
9 min read
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ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Guide: How to Calculate Outdoor Air Requirements for Commercial Buildings
9 min read
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Cooling Tower Design Guide: How Cooling Towers Work, Sizing, and Key Engineering Considerations
9 min read
♻️
Energy Recovery Ventilators: How ERVs and HRVs Work, When to Use Them, and How to Size Them
8 min read
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How to Design a Commercial HVAC System: A Step-by-Step Guide
14 min read
HVAC Commissioning Checklist: A Complete Guide for Engineers and Technicians
12 min read
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Heat Pump vs Air Conditioner: Which One Should You Choose?
10 min read
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MERV Rating Guide: How to Choose the Right Air Filter for Your HVAC System
9 min read
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How Does Air Conditioning Work? The Refrigeration Cycle Explained
10 min read
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Mini-Split Installation Guide: How Ductless Systems Work and When to Use Them
11 min read
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HVAC Acronyms Explained: 60 Essential Terms Every HVAC Engineer Should Know
12 min read
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HVAC Terminology Glossary: 55 Essential Terms Explained
13 min read
Building Commissioning Guide: How to Commission HVAC, Electrical, and Controls Systems
12 min read
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HVAC Not Cooling: Complete Troubleshooting Guide
9 min read
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HVAC Engineering Interview Questions: What to Expect and How to Answer
11 min read
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Sensible vs. Latent Cooling Load: Why Both Matter for Equipment Sizing
7 min read
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Manual J Worked Example: 2,500 Sq. Ft. House Cooling Load
10 min read
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Climate Zone Assumptions in Cooling Load Calculations
7 min read
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Oversizing HVAC Equipment: Why Bigger Isn't Better
7 min read
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From Load Calculation to Duct Design: What Comes Next
7 min read
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Equipment Sizing vs. Tonnage: What "Right-Sizing" Actually Means
6 min read
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Cooling Load Calculations for Permits: When Do You Need a Licensed Engineer?
6 min read
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Building Management Systems (BMS): How Smart Buildings Work
9 min read

Frequently Asked Questions

Do HVAC technicians need EPA certification?

Yes. EPA Section 608 certification is required by federal law for anyone who maintains, services, repairs or disposes of equipment that could release refrigerants. It comes in Type I, II, III and Universal.

What is NATE certification?

NATE (North American Technician Excellence) is the leading independent HVAC technician certification. You pass a Core exam plus a specialty (installation or service) in areas like air conditioning, heat pumps and gas heating. It is voluntary but widely recognized by employers.

How do HVAC engineers get licensed?

HVAC design engineers follow the FE Mechanical → ~4 years of experience → PE Mechanical (HVAC & Refrigeration depth) → state-board licensure path.

Do I need a state license to do HVAC work?

In most states, yes — a journeyman, master or contractor HVAC/mechanical license is required to install and service systems, typically after documented experience. Requirements vary by state and locality.

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Engineering Calculations

19
Cooling Load EstimatorPremium Content

Manual J simplified cooling load: envelope conduction, solar gain, occupant loads, equipment, and lighting. Outputs tons and BTU/hr.

Manual JBTU/hrTonnage
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Heating Load EstimatorPremium Content

Heating loss by component: walls, ceiling, floor, windows, and infiltration. Enter 99% design temps. Outputs MBH and BTU/hr.

Manual JMBHHeat Loss
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Equipment Tonnage CalculatorPremium Content

Rule-of-thumb tonnage sizing using ft²/ton zone factors and construction efficiency adjustments. Gives min/max range.

TonnageQuick SizingHVAC
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Heat Pump Sizing CalculatorPremium Content

Rule-of-thumb heating and cooling load by climate zone and insulation quality, recommended nominal tonnage, and a balance-point check for whether supplemental or cold-climate heat is needed.

Heat PumpBalance PointCold Climate
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Duct Sizing — Equal FrictionPremium Content

ACCA Manual D equal friction method. Inputs: CFM and friction rate. Outputs round diameter, standard size, velocity, and pressure drop.

Manual DCFMStatic Pressure
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CFM Airflow CalculatorPremium Content

Supply CFM from BTU/hr load and ΔT. Adds ASHRAE 62.1 minimum outdoor air by space type. Outputs CFM/ton and OA flow.

CFMAirflowASHRAE 62.1
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Psychrometric CalculatorPremium Content

From dry-bulb and RH: wet-bulb, dew point, humidity ratio, enthalpy, and specific volume using Magnus formula.

PsychrometricsEnthalpyDew Point
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Ventilation CalculatorPremium Content

ASHRAE 62.1 outdoor air requirements by space type. People and area components, zone OA flow, CFM/person and CFM/ft².

ASHRAE 62.1OA FlowIAQ
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Chiller Sizing CalculatorPremium Content

Commercial chiller plant capacity: building loads, diversity, redundancy. Outputs tons, kW, kW/ton, CHW GPM, and cooling tower sizing.

ChillerTonsCHW GPM
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Boiler Sizing CalculatorPremium Content

Boiler output from heat loss + DHW loads with piping loss and redundancy. Fuel type, AFUE, annual fuel cost, and hot water GPM.

BoilerMBHFuel Cost
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Refrigerant Pipe SizingPremium Content

ACR copper pipe sizes for liquid, suction, and discharge lines. Supports R-410A, R-32, R-22, R-134a, and R-407C. Velocity check included.

RefrigerantACR CopperVRF
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Fan Sizing CalculatorPremium Content

Fan and motor sizing from CFM and total static pressure. BHP, motor kW, W/CFM efficacy, altitude correction, and standard motor size.

FanBHPASHRAE 90.1
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Hydronic Pipe SizingPremium Content

Hazen-Williams pipe sizing for chilled/hot water systems. Velocity check, friction loss, pump head, glycol correction, and BTU/hr capacity.

HydronicGPMPump Head
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BTU to Tons / kW ConverterPremium Content

Instantly convert between BTU/hr, tons of refrigeration, kW, MBH, and kcal/hr. Live 5-way conversion with reference table of common HVAC equipment capacities.

BTUTonskWMBH
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Zone Cooling Load — CLTD MethodPremium Content

ASHRAE CLTD/CLF/SCL commercial zone cooling load: envelope by orientation and construction mass, glazing solar/conduction, internal gains, ventilation. Outputs tons and full breakdown.

CLTDCommercial ZoneASHRAE
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Energy Recovery (ERV/HRV) EffectivenessPremium Content

ERV/HRV sensible and latent effectiveness: pre-conditioned supply air temperature, energy recovered, and estimated main coil load reduction. AHRI 1060-based.

ERVHRVAHRI 1060
🔒 View
Smoke Control & Stairwell Pressurization OverviewLIVE

Educational overview of NFPA 92 smoke control concepts — stairwell pressurization, zoned/atrium smoke management, and general design criteria. Not a fan-CFM calculator.

NFPA 92Smoke ControlLife Safety
Open →
SEER2/HSPF2 to COP ConverterPremium Content

Convert between US DOE SEER2/HSPF2 seasonal efficiency ratings and dimensionless COP — includes a typical peak/rated COP range and efficiency-tier context.

SEER2HSPF2COP
🔒 View
Residential Commissioning ChecklistPremium Content

Interactive pass/fail tracker for the instrument-verified checks (airflow, refrigerant charge, static pressure, controls) that confirm an installed system matches its design.

CommissioningAirflow VerificationRefrigerant Charge
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Concept Explainers

12
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Sensible vs. Latent Heat
Concept Explainer

Why a cooling coil does two different jobs at once — dropping dry-bulb temperature (sensible) and condensing moisture out of the air (latent) — and why two coils with identical total BTU/hr capacity can leave a space feeling completely different.

Sensible Heat RatioDehumidificationPsychrometrics
Explain This →
💧
Dew Point, Wet-Bulb & Relative Humidity
Concept Explainer

Why relative humidity changes with temperature alone even when the actual moisture in the air never does — and why dew point, not RH, is the number that tells you how much water vapor is really there.

Dew PointWet-BulbRelative Humidity
Explain This →
🌀
Static vs. Velocity Pressure & the Fan Laws
Concept Explainer

Why static pressure and velocity pressure trade off through a duct system — and why doubling a fan's speed doubles airflow but quadruples pressure and needs eight times the power.

Static PressureFan LawsDuct Design
Explain This →
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Air Changes per Hour vs. Ventilation Rate
Concept Explainer

Why a space can have a high air-changes-per-hour number from aggressive recirculation while still under-ventilating with the actual outdoor air ASHRAE 62.1 requires.

ACHASHRAE 62.1Outdoor Air
Explain This →
📊
Total vs. External Static Pressure
Concept Explainer

Why a fan sized only against the ductwork's pressure drop can fail to deliver its design airflow — external static pressure deliberately excludes the equipment's own internal filter, coil, and cabinet losses, but the fan has to overcome both.

Total Static PressureExternal Static PressureFan Selection
Explain This →
🪟
Economizer vs. Mechanical Cooling
Concept Explainer

Why an AHU sometimes skips the compressor entirely by opening its outdoor air dampers instead — and why a dry-bulb-only economizer control can be fooled by cool-but-humid air that actually carries more total heat than return air.

Air-Side EconomizerEnthalpy ControlFree Cooling
Explain This →
📐
Static, Velocity & Total Pressure in Ductwork
Concept Explainer

Why a fan curve only tells half the story — static pressure is what actually gets overcome pushing air through a duct system, velocity pressure exists only because the air is moving, and total pressure (their sum) is a genuinely different number from either one alone.

Static PressureVelocity PressureFan Selection
Explain This →
🎚️
CAV vs. VAV Systems
Concept Explainer

Why a Constant Air Volume system reduces cooling by reheating a fixed volume of already-cooled air — spending energy twice — while a Variable Air Volume system just delivers less air, which is why VAV has become the dominant choice for most modern multi-zone commercial buildings.

CAVVAVZone Control
Explain This →
❄️
Chilled Water vs. Direct Expansion (DX) Cooling
Concept Explainer

Why refrigerant never leaves the rooftop in a DX system and never leaves the chiller plant in a chilled water system — and why only chilled water, never refrigerant, travels through the building to serve many zones from one central source.

DX CoolingChilled WaterCentral Plant
Explain This →
🧮
Coil Bypass Factor vs. Sensible Heat Ratio
Concept Explainer

Why Bypass Factor (a coil's own physical design) and Sensible Heat Ratio (the space's load) aren't two names for the same thing — and why matching a coil's BF to a space's target SHR, not just sizing on total tons, is what correct equipment selection actually requires.

Bypass FactorSensible Heat RatioCoil Selection
Explain This →
📈
SEER vs. EER vs. HSPF
Concept Explainer

Why a unit's SEER rating (efficiency averaged across a whole cooling season) can look great while its EER (efficiency at one fixed 95°F condition) is unremarkable — and why heat pumps need a third number, HSPF, just for the heating season.

SEER2EER2HSPF2
Explain This →
🎛️
Single-Stage vs. Two-Stage vs. Variable-Speed Compressors
Concept Explainer

Why a compressor that can only run at 0% or 100% overshoots and undershoots the building's load on every cycle — and why adding a low stage, or continuous modulation, is what actually closes that gap.

Compressor StagingInverterComfort
Explain This →
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HVAC License & Certification Exam Prep

8
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HVAC License & Certification Exam Prep

8/8 Live
LIVE
Exam Prep Overview — HVAC Systems

HVAC spans an engineering license track and a strong technician certification/licensing track. This overview covers the FE and PE Mechanical (HVAC & Refrigeration) path, the federally required EPA 608, NATE technician certification, and state HVAC/mechanical trade licenses.

OverviewRequirementsExam Strategies
Premium Content
FE Mechanical — Practice Exam

FE Mechanical prep: thermodynamics, fluids, heat transfer and HVAC/refrigeration — first step toward the PE.

NCEESEITPath to PE
🔒 View
Premium Content
PE Mechanical: HVAC & Refrigeration — Practice Exam

PE Mechanical: HVAC & Refrigeration prep: psychrometrics, loads, air distribution, hydronics and refrigeration.

NCEES PEASHRAEPsychrometrics
🔒 View
Premium Content
EPA Section 608 Certification — Practice Exam

EPA 608 prep: the federally required refrigerant certification — Core plus Type I/II/III (or Universal).

EPA 608RefrigerantRequired
🔒 View
Premium Content
EPA Section 608 — Extended Practice Exam

You cannot legally handle refrigerants without this certification, so it is worth over-preparing for. This adds 150 more original questions across Core plus Type I, II, III and Universal to catch the regulatory details techs actually get tripped up on. Finish and you get an instant pass/fail score, a topic-by-topic breakdown showing exactly which sections need another look, and a full question-by-question review with a written explanation for every question — including the ones you missed. Instant online access after purchase, good for 90 days.

150 New QuestionsTopic BreakdownFull Answer Review
🔒 View
Premium Content
NATE Certification — Practice Exam

NATE certification prep: the leading HVAC technician credential — AC, heat pumps, heating, and air distribution.

NATETechnicianSpecialty
🔒 View
Premium Content
NATE Certification — Extended Practice Exam

150 original questions going deeper than the free exam above — trickier scenarios and more application-level questions. Instant online access after purchase, good for 90 days.

150 QuestionsDeeper Scenarios90-Day Access
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Premium Content
State HVAC / Mechanical License (Journeyman → Master → Contractor) — Practice Exam

State HVAC license prep: mechanical (IMC) code, load/duct calcs, combustion/venting and refrigeration — journeyman to contractor.

State LicenseIMCJourneyman/Master
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Simulators

10
🌀Refrigeration Cycle SimulatorPremium Content

Animated P-h diagram for the vapor-compression cycle. Adjust evap/cond temps, superheat, and subcooling — watch state points shift and COP update live. Supports R-410A, R-32, R-22.

P-h DiagramCOPR-410A
🔒 View
🌫️Psychrometric Process SimulatorPremium Content

Interactive psychrometric chart with animated process lines. Simulate heating, cooling/dehumidification, humidification, and air mixing between plotted states.

PsychrometricsHumidity RatioEnthalpy
🔒 View
🌡️Zone Control SimulatorPremium Content

Multi-zone thermostat simulation over a 24-hour day. Set setpoints and occupancy per zone, then watch the HVAC system cycle as outdoor temps change and internal gains build up.

ThermostatMulti-Zone24-Hour Cycle
🔒 View
💨Duct Network Airflow SimulatorPremium Content

Animated SVG duct tree from AHU to diffusers. Color-coded velocity bands flag over- and undersized ducts. Shows CFM, velocity (fpm), and pressure drop per segment.

Duct VelocityPressure DropCFM
🔒 View
🧊Chiller Plant Sequence SimulatorPremium Content

Two-chiller plant with cooling tower and primary/secondary pumps. Vary building load 0–100% and watch the sequencing logic stage equipment on/off. Tracks kW/ton efficiency.

Chiller StagingkW/tonCHW Plant
🔒 View
🔄Air Handling Unit Process SimulatorPremium Content

Animated AHU cross-section with airflow particles through mixed-air dampers, preheat, cooling coil, supply fan, and reheat. Temperatures update at every section in real time.

AHUMixed AirCoil Sequencing
🔒 View
HVAC 3D Building ViewerPremium Content

Interactive 3D walkthrough of a 3-story commercial building. Explore AHUs, VAV boxes, chiller plant, boiler, hydronic piping, ductwork, and BAS controllers with ASHRAE references.

3D InteractiveDuctworkAHUChiller PlantASHRAE 90.1
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Commercial HVAC System 3D Interactive DesignerPremium Content

Split-screen interactive designer for a complete central-plant commercial HVAC system. Explore a 3D building — rooftop AHU, DOAS/energy recovery, cooling tower, mechanical-room chiller/boiler/pumps, VAV boxes with reheat, ductwork, diffusers, and BAS sensors — alongside a connected system diagram (airside loop + chilled/condenser/hot water loops + controls). Click any component or node to cross-highlight across both views, and toggle to a top-down Floor Plan with duct/pipe runs. Covers ASHRAE 90.1, 62.1, 15, and 55.

Central CHW PlantVAV + ReheatDOASBAS3D + Diagram
🔒 View
HVAC Interactive DesignerPremium Content

Split-screen 3D building viewer + live system schematic. Click any device — AHU, VAV, DDC, chiller, boiler, pump — to cross-highlight across both panels. Covers BACnet controls, CHW/HHW piping, and air distribution per ASHRAE 90.1.

3D InteractiveSchematicBACnetChiller PlantASHRAE 90.1
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Chiller Plant 3D VisualizerPremium Content

Dedicated 3D deep-dive into a central chiller plant room — two 300-ton water-cooled chillers, primary/secondary CHW pumping with the decoupler bypass line, condenser water loop, and rooftop cooling tower. Built to match this studio's Chiller Plant Sequencing Simulator.

3D InteractivePrimary-Secondary PumpingCooling TowerASHRAE 90.1AHRI 550/590
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Interactive Readers

4
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HVAC & Mechanical Systems Reference
Premium Content
14 sections · Interactive Reader

Interactive 14-section ASHRAE reference guide covering psychrometrics, cooling/heating load calculations, duct sizing, refrigeration cycle, chillers, VRF systems, ASHRAE 62.1 ventilation, and energy codes. First 3 free to preview.

ASHRAE 62.1ASHRAE 90.1Load CalculationsPsychrometrics
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HVAC Systems — Illustrated Guide
Premium Content
39 sections · Interactive Reader

Interactive 39-chapter illustrated guide covering system fundamentals and psychrometrics, residential and multi-family systems, commercial and industrial plants, VAV and chilled-water distribution, ventilation and energy recovery, BAS controls, equipment schedules, and troubleshooting. First 3 free to preview.

Residential/CommercialVAV/Chilled WaterERV/DCVBAS Controls
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Commercial HVAC Workflow — Illustrated Design & Case Study Guide
Premium Content
30 sections · Interactive Reader

Interactive 30-chapter guide following a single 45-story high-rise case study through a complete 17-phase HVAC engineering workflow — Basis of Design, central plant, airside/ductwork, hydronic risers, smoke control, BAS architecture, data center cooling, energy management, ASHRAE Guideline 36 sequences, and commissioning. First 3 free to preview.

Project WorkflowCentral PlantSmoke ControlCommissioning
🔒 View
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Single-Family Residence HVAC Design Drawing Set
Premium Content
17 sections · Interactive Reader

Zoomable 17-sheet single-family residence HVAC construction drawing set — Manual J/Manual S load calculations, heat pump balance point sizing, floor/attic/roof plans, installation details, and control/wiring diagrams. Sheets 1-3 free to preview.

Manual J/SFloor/Attic PlansInstallation DetailsWiring Diagram
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Design Tools

1
HVAC System Design ToolPremium Content

Complete residential HVAC system design: Manual J room-by-room load calculation, Manual S equipment selection, Manual D duct sizing, airflow schedule, wiring diagram, and a permit-ready design package with schematic and spec templates.

Manual JManual DHVAC System Design
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Templates

1
HVAC Equipment Schedule TemplatePremium Content

20 fillable rows for rooftop units, air handlers, and VAV boxes — CFM, cooling tonnage, heating MBH, and electrical characteristics — with automatic building totals.

FillableEquipment Schedule
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Real Projects

1
Residential HVAC Design — Start to FinishPremium Content

A single-family residence carried from Manual J load calculation through equipment selection, duct design, ventilation, controls, and a finished commissioning checklist.

6 StepsReal HouseStart to Finish
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