DC, AC, servo, and stepper motors, electric linear actuators and linear motors, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, solenoids, and voice coil actuators — selection, sizing, control, and applications, worked with real numbers.
Every sensor reading and every control decision is worthless until an actuator converts it into actual physical motion or force. This module works through the electric, pneumatic, and hydraulic actuation families that cover the large majority of real mechatronic machines — what each does well, where each fails when misapplied, and how to size one correctly starting from the actual physics of the load rather than a plausible-looking catalog part.
Two worked calculations anchor the module in real numbers: a pneumatic cylinder force calculation from bore area and supply pressure, and a full rotary-axis torque sizing example that combines static gravity-holding torque with the acceleration torque needed to bring a real load inertia up to speed in a specified time.